Mycotoxin testing for millers: ensuring safe and high-quality feed

Understanding common mycotoxin contamination

Mycotoxins can contaminate various crops, including wheat, barley, oats, maize, and rye. Different regions and climates may favour the growth of specific mycotoxin-producing fungi. To stay informed, millers should rely on mycotoxin survey data specific to their area. By understanding common mycotoxins and their prevalence, millers can make informed decisions about sourcing raw materials.

Collaborating with suppliers

Millers should actively communicate with suppliers to gather information on mycotoxin levels in incoming ingredients. Suppliers play a crucial role in ensuring the safety of raw materials. By requesting data on mycotoxin contamination, millers can assess the risk associated with each batch of ingredients.

Rapid testing for main mycotoxins

Rapid tests are essential for timely mycotoxin detection. These tests provide quick results for main mycotoxins, allowing millers to take immediate action. Regardless of the source of feed materials, rapid testing, as part of a quality control process leads to better awareness of mycotoxin risks and allows for proper mycotoxin management.

Beyond compound feed: additional risks

While compound feed production is a critical stage, millers must also consider risks from other sources. Byproducts, straw, and other farm-level factors can introduce mycotoxins into the feed supply chain. Millers should be vigilant and address potential contamination risks beyond the feed mill.

Proper sampling procedures

Mycotoxins are not evenly distributed within raw materials. Hot spots can occur, leading to inaccurate test results. Millers must follow proper sampling procedures to ensure representative samples. Regular sampling and testing are essential to maintain consistent quality. Assessing mycotoxins can be difficult due to the uneven distribution of mycotoxins in the commodity, especially in whole kernels. Different parts of the lot may contain different concentrations of mycotoxins. Depending on the type of product that will be sampled, a minimum number of incremental samples should be collected in order to obtain a representative sample for analysis. Figure 1 illustrates the basic steps for a successful sampling procedure.

Sample selection

Every individual item in the lot should have an equal chance of being selected: this is a method called random sampling. It is essential to select equipment that is adequate for sampling. For example, probes should be able to sample large particles and reach every location in the lot. If the lot has been blended thoroughly during handling, then it is assumed that all particles are distributed uniformly and representative samples may be collected. However, when particles are not distributed uniformly, the aggregate sample should be an accumulation of several small incremental samples taken from many different locations throughout the lot. In general, sampling is best achieved when the lot is in motion.

Extracting samples during transfer

In the context of mycotoxin analysis, the reliability of results significantly relies on meticulous sampling techniques, especially during the critical phase of product transfer. This section delves into the intricacies of sampling during transfer, addressing scenarios involving both loading buckets and loading spouts.

Sampling from a moving stream (Loading Bucket)

Efficiently collecting incremental samples of products, each weighing 100 g, during the transfer is crucial for obtaining a representative analysis. This process involves taking samples at periodic intervals throughout the transfer, allowing for a comprehensive understanding of mycotoxin distribution within the product flow. When utilizing a loading bucket, precision is vital. Scoop samples must be carefully extracted from the grain within each loaded bucket. An optimal spot for sample collection is identified to ensure a strategic approach in capturing a cross-section of the product.

Sampling from a moving stream (Loading Spout)

In scenarios involving a loading spout, the sampling methodology adapts to the dynamic nature of the transfer. Automatic sampling can be achieved using a cross-cut sample, as discussed in the Sampling Equipment section. Alternatively, a manual approach involves cutting through the moving stream with a cup or scoop. In this manual approach, it is crucial to identify the precise location for sample collection. Collecting as many samples as necessary, altering the position of the cup or scoop with each extraction, ensures a comprehensive representation of mycotoxin distribution within the product stream. These precise sampling practices adhere to industry standards, showcasing a commitment to accuracy in mycotoxin analysis. By incorporating these techniques during transfer, researchers and professionals can elevate the reliability and accuracy of their findings, contributing to a more robust understanding of mycotoxin presence in agricultural products.

Sampling from storage trucks, bunkers and bag silos

When sampling from storage or trucks, collect incremental samples (100 g) from various places distributed throughout the lot where the grain is accessible. The minimum length of the sampling probe should be two meters. For bunker and bag silos, collect incremental samples by puncturing the plastic cover using a sharp, cone-shaped sampling device. Holes should be evenly distributed over the entire surface of the silo (Figure2). Refill each hole cautiously immediately afterwards and cover using a strong tape to prevent possible contamination.

Optimising storage conditions

Storage conditions significantly impact mycotoxin levels.Proper storage practices, including temperature control and moisture management, help prevent mycotoxin development. Millers should prioritize optimal storage conditions to minimize contamination risks.

Mycotoxin testing tips

• Sampling should be conducted on a regular basis.
• Every new batch should be sampled.
• Improper storage may affect the quality of grain.

Establishing a mycotoxin mitigation strategy

A comprehensive strategy is essential for managing mycotoxin risks. Millers should consider the following steps:

• Testing Program: Implement a robust mycotoxin testing program. Regular testing of raw ingredients ensures early detection and timely intervention.
• Adjust Frequency: Tailor testing frequency based on risk factors, seasonality, and supplier reliability.
• Monitoring: Continuously monitor mycotoxin levels and adjust protocols as needed.
• Deactivation Products: Consider using mycotoxin deactivation products to enhance feed safety.
• Internal Risk Thresholds: Set internal thresholds based on regulatory limits and species sensitivity.
• Formulation Optimization: Adjust feed formulations to reduce mycotoxin risk (if dilution is permissible by legislation).

Final feed testing

To validate the effectiveness of the testing program, millers should periodically test the final feed. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) provides accurate results for a wide range of mycotoxins. Confirming that the feed meets safety standards ensures consumer protection and animal well-being.

Multi-mycotoxin analysis

Mycotoxins often occur together, and their combined effects can be more significant. Multi-mycotoxin analysis reveals the full picture of contamination, including masked and emerging mycotoxins. Millers should consider comprehensive testing to address all potential risks. Mycotoxin testing is a critical aspect of feed safety. By staying informed, implementing effective protocols, and prioritizing quality, millers contribute to healthier animals and safer food products. Let’s continue to raise the bar for mycotoxin management in the milling industry.